Zennist: Those on the side of Zen, either believers or loyal followers of Zen. [urbandictionary.com]
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 by Peter Menkin
Many find Spirit Rock a refreshing and spiritual place to visit and take for a retreat. Marin County, and in specific Southern Marin, is not a place for Christian worship. Practicing and church attending Christians are few. So says an older study on religious practice in Marin. ( Tobin, Gary A. and Patricia Lin. Religious & Spiritual Change in America: The Experience of Marin County, California. San Francisco: Institute for Jewish & Community Research, 2002.) The following anecdotal piece of evidence indicates religious interest in San Franciscoâ??s Bay Area Marin County. One librarian at the Tiburon library says most spiritual and religious books in their library are New Age. Christian reading isnâ??t of interest. Jack Kornfield, the Buddhist teacher, is a popular writer and many read his books here in San Francisco Bay Area and the United States.
 Jack Kornfield writes books that are Buddhist teaching.Â
 Random House, the bookâ??s publisher of â??â?¦After the Laundryâ? says: â??’Enlightenment does exist’â?? internationally renowned author and meditation master Jack Kornfield assures us. â??Unbounded freedom and joy, oneness with the divine … these experiences are more common than you know, and not far away. “‘But even after achieving such realization â?? after the ecstasy â?? we are faced with the day-to-day task of translating that freedom into our imperfect lives. We are faced with the laundry.Â
“Drawing on the experiences and insights of leaders and practitioners within the Buddhist, Christian, Jewish, Hindu, and Sufi traditions, this book offers a uniquely intimate and honest understanding of how the modern spiritual journey unfolds â?? and how we can prepare our hearts for awakening.â?
 An excerpt of the book is found as Addendum at the end of this article, used with permission from the publisher).
According to a â??Marin Independent Journalâ? article, â??His books have been translated into 20 languages and sold more than a million copies. They include, A Path with Heart; After the Ecstasy, the Laundry; Teachings of the Buddha; Seeking the Heart of Wisdom; Living Dharma; A Still Forest Pool; Stories of the Spirit, Stories of the Heart; Buddha’s Little Instruction Book; The Art of Forgiveness, Lovingkindness and Peace and his most recent book, A Wise Heart: A Guide to the Universal Teachings of Buddhist Psychology.â?
A brief excerpt from â??The Wise Heart: A Guide to the Universal Teachings of Buddhist Psychology.â?(â??The Wise Hartâ?, which Bantam published in hardcover in April 2008, and has just released in trade paperback May of this year.)Â
â??When we learn to rest in awareness, thereâ??s both caring and a silence. There is listening for whatâ??s the next thing to do and awareness of all thatâ??s happening, a big space and a connected feeling of love. When there is enough space, our whole being can both apprehend the situation and be at ease. We see the dance of life, we dance beautifully, yet weâ??re not caught in it. In any situation, we can open up, relax, and return to the sky-like nature of consciousness.â?
So Jack Kornfield, the author, promises in his new book.Â
My Church friend Letty says Jack Kornfield is not the only writer who is a Spirit Rock teacher. The work by Sylvia Boorstein, titled â??Itâ??s Easier than You Thinkâ? is about this Spirit Rock teacherâ??s â??…experience as a Buddhist.â? The point is that though as a writer Jack Kornfield is popular and known, there are other Spirit Rock Buddhist teachers who write books on the subject.
As someone who is not familiar with Spirit Rock, this visitor came with the idea the place is New Age. What I found was a meditative place, Buddhist, whose staff and ethos is welcoming and friendly. There are few â??membersâ? of Spirit Rock, as one does not sign a book for â??officialâ? membership, or is one required to enjoy the same Christian rite of inclusion. In other words, all are welcome and people come and go as they like. Mostly, they come and visit and even stay around for years calling themselves Buddhist. It works, and it is enjoyed by many and practiced by the many who visit.
Spirit Rock answers are not necessarily forthcoming in the conventional sense; this journalist was unable to get all his questions answered. These were posed among others, and add to the flavor of their worldview:
The question comes to mind, and will you confirm the fact, too, if true? Has Spirit Rock a relationship with the Dominicans, and if so, what is it; how long has it been going on, and what is the nature and a few specifics about this relationship?
Their answer was â??We are Buddhists in the Thai Forest or Theravada tradition, with no association whatsoever to the Dominicans.â?
In another email question set, these were asked.
 The email response by one of their kind press officers went this way�
â??Hereâ??s what I can tell you. Jack is a co-founder of both Insight Meditation Society (IMS) in Barre, MA and Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, CA. He was a Thai Forest monk under Ajahn Chah at Wat Pah Pong Monastery in Thailand, which is part of the Theravada tradition of Buddhism. Hereâ??s a link to info about Jackâ??s main teacher:
http://www.watnongpahpong.org/aboutajahnchah.php
We call the room where the event was held last night officially the â??upper Retreat Hallâ? with the â??upperâ? in lower case. Usually Monday Night Class is held down the hill in our Community Meditation Hall, so that was a little unique last night. I donâ??t have an answer for you on the numbers, but it was filled to capacity. Jack often draws pretty large crowds, so that was about what we were expecting last night. Jack doesnâ??t have a title, other than Ph.D. (although nobody tends to refer to him as Dr., sometimes they do print his name with the PhD after it). He is officially a â??dharma teacherâ? but that wouldnâ??t be used in caps. He has a wife and one daughter, but we donâ??t have photos of them all together for release. His family tends to keep a low profile.â?
Fair enough reply in its way: it is noted here for his email is so interesting and shows how Spirit Rock responds and how they view the world, which is in character with other religions as they too have a world view which is seen through their lens. Â
Significantly, many teachers at Spirit Rock emphasize the feminine as does Debra Chamberlin Taylor who writes in their August 2009 â??Spirit Rock News,â?, I donâ??t know if there is any other Buddhist center that has a statue of Prajna Paramita sitting as an equal beside the Buddha on their main altar. The Image of the â??Mother of All Buddhasâ?? clearly communicates Spirit Rockâ??s intention to honor the feminine. Some people might ask, â??Whatâ??s the point? It doesnâ??t matter because enlightenment has no gender.â?? This is true, but for many people, especially women, seeing the image is significant both consciously and unconsciously. Itâ??s a reminder that females, as well as males, can fully awaken.
In that same â??Spirit Rock News,â? the article, â??The Sacred Feminine: Restoring Balance in Challenging Times (Interviews by Walt Opie, Communications Coordinator),â? a yoga instructor who is a novelist (â??Enlightenment for Idiots,â?) writes:Â
Again, it is not an issue of men versus women because Iâ??ve experienced many male teachers who also emphasize these dimensions of practice. But when Iâ??m sitting yoga on a retreat thatâ??s oriented towards the Sacred Feminine, Iâ??m aware of an explicit intention to value the interpersonal aspect of practice; the intimate aspect of practice; the qualities of unwinding and opening rather than dominating and controlling. Itâ??s an approach that emphasizes allowing and being, rather than doing and becoming.
Her name is Debra Chamberlin-Taylor.Â
The opportunity arose to speak to Jack Kornfield after his talk, for he was in the area of the main upper Retreat Meditation Hall when I was leaving. A more slight looking man than imagined, this writer did not speak to him; it is easy to see he had a piercing and aware look when getting ready to speak at this gathering of what were more than 300. The room was standing room only, with people in the hallway. A greater proportion of those in attendance were young or youngish. Almost half the room was on the floor with flat pillows for the meditation section; the pillows were of good quality, those in attendance educated people, by and large. No hardship here or ascetic undertaking. Jack Kornfield does have a presence, so though he looked like most others who were in attendance, the familiarity of having just seen him and heard his talk came into play. In his way, he has fame. Â
Something of the evening talk:
 The chairs in which the rest of us sat were good quality, in the hall. I remark on how comfortable they are, for many churches havenâ??t such nice chairs. For many churches, chairs are usually folding chairs. Spirit Rock is a comfortable place, more expensive and elegant than some Iâ??ve been to like Immaculate Heart Hermitage in Big Sur. Impressed with the handsome buildings and quiet of this place of retreat, this retreat center in comfortable surroundings is set-away-from the hub-bub outside.Â
Glass windows about the hall made the room light. Everyone enjoyed the hall, it appeared. They were a happy crowd.
 Call this a crowd? Perhaps, but mostly they appear as seekers. They are not disappointed in Jack Kornfield.
 Someone said Jack returned from a book tour just recently, and this was his first talk on a Monday since returning. So the big crowd. Nonetheless, he draws an interested and larger following anyway.
 We sat for 15 minutes prior to Jack Kornfieldâ??s arrival to class. Heâ??s been teaching at Spirit Rock for 20 years or more on compassion and wakefulness. Essentially, the evening was one of quieting the mind, ostensibly to be 35 minutes of introduction, talk, and discussion. Of course, this didnâ??t include about 40 minutes of meditation. It is lovely, the meditation.
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Notes about the talk:
7:23 p.m. Still and quiet. Cell phone rang, and people were reminded by Jack to turn them off, and to be present.
7:40 p.m. Quiet, still. One could clearly hear a bird or birds calling outside the hall.
Jack Kornfield sits on a small, elevated stage (riser) with a Buddha behind him and  a Prajnaparamita statue. One is black, the other brown. Flowers are set between the Buddha and Prajnaparamita statue behind Jack who is sitting. It is a simple altar. There is a desk before Jack (altar?), and a bell for ringing tto his right(not a clapper bell). He uses it at times during the talk and meeting.
 7:48 p.m. He tells us, â??Rest in the space of awareness.â? The bell is rung twice at 7:50 p.m.
We sat together, all so many people, in connectedness. So went one of the eveningâ??s purposes. Jack spoke briefly about a visit to Israel and Palestine which he said was a peacemaking trip. He called it, â??â?¦very expansive.â? Spirit Rock offers high callings in a big room.
One sense of the evening was the ethos, that everything spoken of is dear. The evening for many is comprised of dear moments, or so it seems.Â
8:10 p.m. The bell is rung a number of times to ask people to return from the 15 minute break. There will be a talk on Jewish-Buddhist practice by a Rabbi and Buddhist teacher Sylvia Boorstein. A man sits next to the woman on my right and exclaims to How are you? â??I am wonderful.â?Â
8:13 p.m. The talk begins, and we are told, There is no quiz at the end. A request is made that that what people note will â??resonateâ? with them. Jack explains he is having health issues. The 60 year old noted that, â??Weird things are going on.” In a note of humor, Jack said, “One doctor asked could it just be me.â? The group laughs.
 It is time to come back to ourselves, Jack said. He said those present are â??seekers.â?
 8:23 p.m. More stories by Jack, like aphorisms. He quotes Henry Miller briefly during the talk, among others. Jack asks, â??What animates your life?” He instructs, Rest in your seat and let compassion allow you to see the world as it is observed. He reads from Rilke. He instructs, Take the seat in the midst of all things.
 8:28 p.m. Speaking about George Schaller, the primatologist Jack talks about gorillas and man. His remark speaks of presence and kindness and gentleness. He suggests those present, Sit as Buddha. He says, Our lives are made of rivers. (He said he would speak basics this evening._ He emphasizes, Every breath you take contains a molecule of Julius Caesarâ??s breath.
8:36 p.m. A story of Iraq illustrates a show of American respect instead of shooting in the war. He reminds those present, Take the seat in the center of your body.
8:44 p.m. Mark Twain is noted, briefly, too. Jack reads from Mark Twain and comments.
 Jack tells a story of how meditation helps its practitioner, a training it is for kindness even in the face of death. People are moved, even audibly so.
He mentions Albert Camus, James Baldwin.
Continuing from written notes, he says, To take a seat in the midst of things takes courage. Practice becoming the space of awareness.
 8:48 p.m. He says, We are here and now. This is the place of freedom.
 George Washington Carver is mentioned.
 8:53 p.m. Jack says something about, the madness of the spiritual life. He offers as a statement, The Buddhist nature within you. Things are as they are, he tells everyone in the hall.
 9:09 p.m. The talk ends. He offers, Letâ??s sit for a few minutes. There are 3 bells. Everyone chants, as invited.
 End of evening.
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Located on 410 acres in rural west Marin County, 30 miles north of San Francisco, upcoming retreats and talks in July are described by Spirit Rock by these titles:
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Addendum:
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Excerpt from a book by Jack Kornfield, â??from â??After the Ecstasy, the Laundry.â?
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        When I found myself becoming a Buddhist monk in a forest monastery of Thailand over thirty years ago, I had to learn how to bow. It was awkward at first. Each time we entered the meditation hall we would drop to our knees and three times respectfully place our head between our palms on the stone floor. It was a practice of reverence and mindfulness, a way of honoring with a bodily gesture our commitment to the monk’s path of simplicity, compassion, and awareness. We would bow in the same way each time we took our seat for training with the master.
        After I had been in the monastery for a week or two, one of the senior monks pulled me aside for further instruction. “In this monastery you must not only bow when entering the meditation hall and receiving teachings from the master, but also when you meet your elders.” As the only Westerner, and wanting to act correctly, I asked who my elders were. “It is traditional that all who are older in ordination time, who’ve been monks longer than you, are your elders,” I was told. It took only a moment to realize that meant everybody.
        So I began to bow to them. Sometimes it was just fine – there were quite a few wise and worthy elders in the community. But sometimes it felt ridiculous. I would encounter some twenty-one-year-old monk, full of hubris, who was there only to please his parents or to eat better food than he could at home, and I had to bow because he had been ordained the week before me. Or I had to bow to a sloppy old rice farmer who had come to the monastery the season before on the farmers’ retirement plan, who chewed betel nut constantly and had never meditated a day in his life. It was hard to pay reverence to these fellow forest dwellers as if they were great masters.   Â
        Yet there I was bowing, and because I was in conflict, I sought a way to make it work. Finally, as I prepared yet again for a day of bowing to my “elders,” I began to look for some worthy aspect of each person I bowed to. I bowed to the wrinkles around the retired farmer’s eyes, for all the difficulties he had seen and suffered through and triumphed over. I bowed to the vitality and playfulness in the young monks, the incredible possibilities each of their lives held yet ahead of them.     Â
        I began to enjoy bowing. I bowed to my elders, I bowed before I entered the dining hall and as I left. I bowed as I entered my forest hut, and I bowed at the well before taking a bath. Ater some time bowing became my way – it was just what I did. If it moved, I bowed to it.    Â
        It is the spirit of bowing that informs this book. The true task of spiritual life is not found in faraway places or unusual states of consciousness: It is here in the present. It asks of us a welcoming spirit to greet all that life presents to us with a wise, respectful, and kindly heart. We can bow to both beauty and suffering, to our entanglements and confusion, to our fears and to the injustices of the world. Honoring the truth in this way is the path to freedom. To bow to what is rather than to some ideal is not necessarily easy, but however difficult, it is one of the most useful and honorable practices.      Â
        To bow to the fact of our life’s sorrows and betrayals is to accept them; and from this deep gesture we discover that all life is workable. As we learn to bow, we discover that the heart holds more freedom and compassion than we could imagine.
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The Persian poet Rumi speaks of it this way:
This being human is a guest house.
Every morning a new arrival.
Â
A joy, a depression, a meanness,
some momentary awareness comes
as an unexpected visitor.
Â
Welcome and entertain them all
Even if they’re a crowd of sorrows
who violently sweep your house
empty of its furniture.
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Still treat each guest honorably,
He may be clearing you out
for some new delight.
Â
The dark thought, the shame, the malice,
meet them at the door laughing,
and invite them in.
Â
Be grateful for whoever comes,
because each has been sent
as a guide from beyond.
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â??Excerpted from After the Ecstasy, the Laundry by Jack Kornfield Copyright © 2000 by Jack Kornfield). Reprinted by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group.â?
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Like are they just Buddhists without a sect or are they something like Zen Buddhists?
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curious about what the differences are, ive heard that there is a few like Zen, Theraveda etc?
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I need a good book that can teach me some fundamentals that I need to know. I started looking stuff up online but it’s hard to organize it all; there’s a lot to learn. I was wondering if anyone could suggest some good books for someone who’s interested in Zen Buddhism, but really just beginning? I’m looking for something explanatory without being too complex (I’m an idiot XD).
Thanks for any help you can give.
Matthew: Been there, done that. I respect people from all walks of life, but it’s not for me, so thanks but no thanks.
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I’m VERY interested in becoming a Buddhist.
I just left the Catholic faith because i got tired of all the prejudices and violent history behind that religion.
So I’m just wondering what can i do to become a Buddhist?
what can and can’t I do in Buddhism?
which version of Buddhism is right for me?
i know there are different types of Buddhism, so I’m just curious which one fits me best, but I’m really edging towards Zen Buddhism due to its emphasis on meditation.
sorry for all the questions!!!
Sage: i discarded all that, near the end of my association of the Catholic/Christian faith i was actually ashamed to say i belong to that religion…
i still believe in God though, its nice to know that what cant be explained by science can also be explained by the supernatural….
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3. Nichiren is a form of popular Buddhism. Its founder, Nichiren, was a monk of militant and nationalistic spirit. He taught that one should have absolute faith in the eternal Sakyamuni Buddha, that the only true doctrine was the teaching of the Saddharmapunฺdฺarika sutra, and that peace and happiness both of the individuals and of the nation could be achieved only by the practice of this true teaching. Its followers are taught to keep devotion to the Sutra and to turn the teaching into practice by repeating the words: Namu Myo Horengekyo – Homage to the Lotus Sutra of the Wonderful Law. Nichiren attacked all other sects by declaring their doctrines and practices to be false and dangerous to the welfare of the country. He and his sect came into violent conflict with them and suffered serious troubles through persecution. In spite of this, the sect continued to grow. Its founder and followers even believed that its teaching would be accepted all over the world.
With the rise of these new sects, Buddhism was completely accepted by the Japanese people. If the Heian period marked the nationalization of Buddhism in Japan, it was during the Kamakura period that the popularization of Buddhism was achieved. Then Buddhist temples were erected in most of the small towns and villages. Though many subsects have appeared within the old sects, especially after World War II, no new major Buddhist sect has been founded in Japan since that time.
After the Kamakura period, the seat of shogunate was moved to Kyoto. In spite of civil wars and natural disasters, cultural leadership was maintained by Buddhist monks, especially those of Zen, and the
arts flourished as never before. The influence of Zen found its expression in the development of the tea ceremony, flower arrangement, No drama, garden making, painting and other works of art, and also of Judo, Kendo and Bushido, which is the ethical code of the samurai.
The Suppression of Buddhism
Constant internal wars and disorder during the period of about one hundred years beginning with the rebellion of B.E. 2010 (1467 C.E.) brought to an end most of the great families of the former periods and brought about the rise of some new powerful families and great social changes. Priests and monks were engaged in warfare and battle either to protect themselves or to gain power. There were also many conflicts between religious groups such as the followers of Nichiren, those of Shinran and the monk soldiers of Tendai. They even took sides with some feudal lords against the other. Therefore, when Portuguese Christian missionaries came to Japan in about B.E. 2100 (1557 C.E.), Nobunaga, then the most powerful man in Japan, encouraged their activities. Nobunaga even attacked the monastic armies on Mount Hiei, burned about 3,000 monasteries and killed all of their inhabitants. Though he could not defeat the abbot Kennyo of Osaka and both parties had to accept an agreement, the political and military power of the monasteries declined and never recovered. The influence of Japanese Buddhism has never reached a high degree of strength since then.
The government support to Christianity, however, did not last long, for the quarrels between the Portuguese and the Spanish priests and between the Spanish and the Dutch priests which broke out between B.E. 2136 and 2154 made the ruler conscious of the danger of Christian priests as a political machine. This led to the persecution of the Christians and, finally, to the adoption of the exclusion policy in B.E. 2167 (1624 C.E.). In order to put an end to the influence of Christianity and to use the influence of Buddhism for its own benefit, the government turned to Buddhism, brought the Buddhist institutions under strict state control, and made them useful in maintaining its power. Moreover, Confucianism was greatly encouraged. Thus, Buddhist institutions weakened and their intellectual activities declined. While the people turned to worldly pleasures and sought material wealth, the temples encouraged these through the rites and beliefs which satisfied worldly ends, and the monks and priests themselves adopted lives of indolence and negligence. Thus, throughout the Tokugawa or Edo period (B.E. 2146 – 2410/ 1603- 1867 C.E.), during which the capital was established at Edo or Tokyo, there was no significant development in Japanese Buddhism and it was during : his period that there arose a movement to make Shinto the national eligion of Japan.
The modernization of Japan started with the beginning of the Meiji period in B.E. 2411 (1868 C.E.) when the power and administration was restored from the shogun to the emperor, the policy of national seclusion came to an end, and Western culture was freely imported and imitated. Then, to affirm the supreme power of the emperor by his divinity and to strengthen nationalism, Shinto was separated from Buddhism and established as the national religion. Buddhist beliefs and worship were forbidden in the Imperial Household. There was even a movement called Haibutsu Kishaku to eradicate Buddhism in Japan. It was a time of crisis for Buddhism, though it was able to some degree to recover its strength and the government had to soften its anti-Buddhist policy.
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2 of 5, The ceremony to pass on the Lineage-Holdership of Zen Buddhism. Never before recorded. Grandmaster Fozhi passes the lineage to Living Buddha Dechan Jueren, Master Huijue….
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The Tendai sect, which was based on the Lotus Sutra (Saddharma Punฺdฺarika) and emphasized the capacity of alt beings to attain Buddhahood, was founded as a synthesis of the doctrines and practices of Tien-Tai, Zen, esoteric Buddhism and the Vinaya sect. Shingon was a form of Mantrayana, esoteric Buddhism which taught secret doctrines and mystic rituals. It taught both the spirit of the original esoteric teachings and the rituals of chanting Mantras. As these two sects were reactions against the degenerate practices of the city monks of Nara, their monastic centres were established in remote and secluded places on the mountains. Their philosophies and ceremonies were still too complex to be easily understood by the common people. Therefore, in the latter part of the Heian period the popular doctrine of salvation by faith through devotion to Amida Buddha began to develop. As regards the two sects themselves, the common people would accept only superstitions attached to them. Shingon even degenerated into the praying cult practised only for worldly benefits. At last the monastic centres of the two sects also became worldly and corrupt. There were even priest-warriors in leading. temples, who fought against each other.
The Three Sects of Kamakura
Much warfare added by social disorder and natural disasters brought to an end the imperial rule in B.E. 1699 (1156 C.E.) and also the Heian period in B.E. 1728 (1185 C.E.). This was followed by the rise of feudalism and the Kamakura period of shogunate which lasted till B.E. 1876 (1333 C.E.). The great distress which the people suffered during the period of disorder roused the need for the simplification of religious theories and practices to suit religious needs of the common people. This led to the arising of three major forms of Buddhism which still flourish in Modern Japan.
1. Pure Land Buddhism or Amidism believes in salvation by faith. It teaches the reliance upon the grace of Amitabha Buddha to be reborn in the Western Paradise of Jodo or Sukhavati. This rebirth can be achieved by faith in Amida’s power to save and by the calling of his name in faith, that is, the saying of the Nembutsu; ‘Nauru Amida Butsu’ – Homage to Amida Buddha, Its faith is symbolized by the Daibutsu or great image of Amida Buddha erected at Kamakura in B.E. 1795 (1252 C.E.). There are two sects of this form, which were closely related historically, viz.,
1.1 Jodo, founded by Honen who organized his followers around the recitation of the Nembutsu;
1.2 Shin or Jodo-Shin (True Pure Land), founded by Shinran, a disciple of Honen, as a reform of Jodo. Shinran emphasized the absolute reliance on the external power of Amida and the equality of all beings before the Buddha. Any practice that was a sign of trust in one’s own powers and lack of trust in Amida’s grace must be rejected. Therefore, the Shin sect gives up monastic discipline and all acts of self-effort such as doctrinal study, meditation and rituals, and also any concern for lucky and unlucky times, astrology and prayers. There is no division between the monkhood and the laity. Shinran and later leaders of the sect married and led ordinary lives among the people.
2. Zen is a meditative sect which emphasizes the existence of the original Buddhahood in every being and believes in the sudden enlightenment through mind-to-mind instruction without dependence on the words and letters of scriptures. Meditation practices (Zazen), moral discipline, actions in daily life and earnest work for mankind are required in order. to attain Satori or the Enlightenment. Of the two chief branches of Zen, Rinzai Zen, which prescribes stricter discipline and the use of paradoxes (Koan) in meditation, has had greater appeal for members of the military and ruling class such as the samurai, while Soto Zen, which emphasizes ethical precepts, Bodhisattva practices and silent sitting-and-waiting meditation, has had larger following among the common people.
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It is estimated that there are now over 190,000 Buddhists in the United States. Most of these, however, are Americans of Chinese and Japanese origin who belong to the Pure Land Sect and are organized under the name The Buddhist Churches of America.1 The majority of these Churches, over fifty in number, are largely in Hawaii and on the West Coast. The second largest Japanese sect is Zen, the various groups of which include the First Zen Institute of America in New York City, the World Zen Center in Virginia and the Zen Mission Society in California. Among other Japanese groups are the San Francisco Nichiren Buddhist Church, the Chicago Jodo Mission, the Shingon Buddhist Church in Chicago and the Nichiren Shoshu of America (Soka Gakkai) in Los Angeles.
Though Buddhism in the States is predominantly Mahayana and Theravada missions are smaller in number, the study of Theravada Buddhism has become increasingly popular among Americans of European origin. Theravada Buddhists are also united into societies, centres, groups and Viharas. There are “Friends of Buddhism” groups in such cities as Washington D.C., New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. The American Buddhist Academy in New York City and other Buddhist groups by different names and in various places are also active in Buddhist study, propagation and, for a few organizations, training activities. According to the statistics available in 2512/1969, there were altogether about 254 Buddhist groups, centres, missions and societies, both Mahayana and Theravada, in the United States. Of these, about 84 were in Hawaii, while the other 170 were on the American subcontinent.
Like the Mahayana groups, a number of Theravada centres in the United States are not American organizations but activities of Asian Buddhists. The Washington Buddhist Vihara houses a Theravada mission from Ceylon and it has a plan to establish centres in the major cities and train American monks to staff them. Thai Buddhists organized the Theravada Buddhist Center in North Hollywood in Los Angeles, which later became known as Wat Thai. Beginning with this first Thai temple in America, there are now more than a dozen of Thai temples in the States.
In Europe, while the Buddhist Society of Great Britain is still the biggest Buddhist organization, a number of local associations have been founded in cities, towns and universities in various parts of many European countries. Sri Lankan Buddhists contribute to this development by support-ing their mission at the London Buddhist Vihara in England and the Dhammaduta Society (Buddhistisches Haus) in West Germany. Besides the Buddhapadipa Temple in London, which was officially opened by his Majesty the King of Thailand on August 1, 2509/1966, Thai Buddhists have developed missions in some other parts of Europe such as the Dham-masucharitanucharee Temple in Waalwijk in the Netherlands, which was later changed to Wat Buddharam, and the Vipassana Centre at Surrey in England.
In Australia, the Buddhist societies in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane are incorporated under the Buddhist Federation of Australia. Of these societies, the New South Wales Society at Sydney is noted for its most active work. A Thai Buddhist mission was invited to Melbourne in 2517/ 1974 and a Thai Buddhist Vihara called Wat Buddharangsee was opened in Sydney in the latter part of the year 2518/1975.
Besides books, booklets and pamphlets, Buddhist journals and periodicals have made a great contribution to the spread of Buddhism internationally. A number of such publications issued by Buddhist groups and organizations in America, Europe and Asia have a world-wide circu-lation. “World Buddhism”, printed in Sri Lanka, and the WFB News Bulletin distributed from the WFB headquarters in Bangkok are probably the best known and most widely read Buddhist monthly periodicals. Other publications include the Vesak Sirisara, the Buddhist annual of the Sri Saddharmadana Samitiya in Sri Lanka; Visakha Puja, the annual publication of the Buddhist Association of Thailand; The Middle Way and the Friendly Way, quarterlies of the Buddhist Society and the Buddhapadipa Temple in London respectively; The Maha Bodhi Journal of the Maha Bodhi Society; Voice of Buddhism of the Buddhist Missionary Society in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; “Metta,” the journal of the Buddhist Federation of Australia; and The Golden Lotus, mimeographed magazine published in Philadelphia. It would not be practicable to name here all the Buddhist journals and periodicals issued in the various countries. In the United States alone, twenty-three Buddhist bulletins, newsletters, monthly magazines and annuals were on the list in 2512/1969.
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In the various schools of Mahayana (the ‘greater vehicle’) Buddhism (which includes Tibetan Buddism, Chinese Ch’an and Japanese Zen, etc.) most of the Buddhas mentioned below are recognised. Theravada (or Hinayana, ‘the lesser vehicle’ ~ the Buddhism of Sri Lanka, Thailand and Burma) Buddhism just recognises Sakyamuni (and perhaps Maitreya and a few others) and so Amoghashiddi will be referred to as Sakyamuni (or Shakyamuni) with hands in Abhaya Mudra, etc., rather than Amoghashiddhi. Buddhism in Nepal has a tendency to mix and recognise both Buddhas and Hindu deities.
Who are the 5 Dhyani Buddhas?
The 5 Dhyani Buddhas are celestial Buddhas visualised during meditation, and considered to be great healers of the mind and soul. They are not historical figures, like Gautama (Sakyamuni) Buddha, but transcendent beings who symbolise universal divine principles or forces.
(1) Akshobhya
Akshobhya is regarded as the second Dhyani Buddha by the Nepalese Buddhists. He originates from the blue syllable HUM. He sits in the Vajraparyanka pose and his right hand is in the Bhumisparsha (earth-touching) Mudra, calling the earth for witness (Sakyamuni usually adopts the same pose). He represents the primordial cosmic element of Vijnana (consciousness). His left hand rests in his lap, while the right rests on his right knee with the tips of the middle fingers touching the ground with the palm facing inwards. His vehicle is a pair of elephants, and his symbol is the vajra (thunderbolt). His female counterpart is Locana.
(2) Amitabha Buddha (Jap. Amida)
Amitabha is the most ancient buddha among the Dhyani Buddhas. He is said to reside in the Sukhabati heaven in peaceful meditation. He is red, originating from the red syllable HRIH. He represents the cosmic element of Sanjna (name). His vehicle is a peacock. He sits in the full-lotus posture, right leg over left, with his palms folded face up, the right on top of the left, on his lap in Samadhi Mudra. His female counterpart is Pandara. Amitabha denotes ‘boundless light’ or the incomprehensible.
(3) Amoghashiddhi Buddha
Amoghashiddhi is the fifth Dhyani Buddha. He sits in the full-lotus posture, left leg over right, with his left hand open, palm facing upwards, on his lap, and the right in the Abhaya Mudra. He represents the cosmic element of Samskara (conformation). His colour is green and his symbol is the viswa vajra or double thunderbolt. He is the embodiment of the rainy season. His vehicle is Garuda.
(4) Ratna Sambhav Buddha
Ratna Sambhav is regarded as the third Dhyani Buddha. His symbol is the jewel and his hands are in the Varada (gift-bestowing) Mudra. He represents the cosmic element of Vedana (sensation). His colour is yellow. His female counterpart is Mamaki.
(5) Vairochana Buddha (Jap. Dainichi Nyorai)
Vairochana is regarded as the first Dhyani Buddha by the Nepalese Buddhists. He represents the cosmic element of Rupa (form). His colour is white, and his two hands are held against the chest with the tips of the thumbs and forefingers of each hand united, in the Dharmachakra (preaching) Mudra. His female counterpart is Vajradhatviswari.
OTHER BUDDHAS
What is Bhaisajya Buddha? (Jap. Yakushi Nyorai)
Bhaisajya (known as the medicine or healing Buddha) is said to dispense spiritual medicine when properly worshipped. He wears a monastic robe and is seated with legs crossed. His left hand, lying on his lap in the meditation mudra, usually holds a medicine bowl, while the right hand, in the charity mudra, holds either a branch with fruit, or the fruit alone, of myrobalam, a medicinal plant found in India.
What is Hotei? (also known as Budai, or The Laughing Buddha)
The Japanese name for the Chinese Zen Master Poe-Tai Hoshang (10th to 11th Century). Fat, grotesque and lovable, he symbolises the state of detached bliss which belongs to those who realise their Buddha Nature, or the Buddha within. He is loved the world over and worshipped by many as the God of Good Fortune (he is also regarded by some as a form of Maitreya).
What is Sakyamuni Buddha?
Gautama Buddha is believed to have had 550 incarnations. To distinguish him from all other Buddhas, he is known as Sakyamuni (sage of the Sakya Clan). He was born in 563 BC in Lumbini, Nepal, the son of King Suddhodana and Queen Mayadevi. He attained enlightenment after 6 years of meditation and fasting. He died aged 80 in Kushinagara. Usually shown seated in padmasana (lotus posture) with right hand in Bhumisparsha (earth-touching) Mudra. Sometimes shown standing with right hand in Abhaya (protecting) Mudra.
NB: I am submitting this for and on behalf of Zazen LLP, the owners of www.dharma-store.com where I have adapted this article from (http://www.dharma-store.com/faq-buddha-pg-12.html).
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Like Hinduism, Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism uses _________, which are repeated Sanskrit phrases.
Choose one answer.
a. mudras
b. skandhas
c. atmans
d. mantras
2
Like Hinduism, Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism uses _________, which are repeated Sanskrit phrases
Choose one answer.
a. finding a way to love humanity.
b. the true definition of God.
c. how to find a way to overcome suffering
d. how to act morally and correctly in all circumstances.
3
Hinduism is older than Buddhism.
Choose one answer.
a. True
b. False
c. They are approximately the same age.
4
After attaining enlightenment, the Buddha starved himself to death.
Answer:
True False
5
Mahayana means the _____ vehicle.
Choose one answer.
a. tantric
b. small
c. thunderbolt
d. great
6
True or False? In Buddhism, you end suffering in this life through knowledge of the truth and the pursuing sensual pleasures.
Choose one answer.
a. True
b. False
8
A mind to mind transmission outside the scriptures:
Choose one answer.
a. Theravada
b. Mahayana
c. Zen
d. Vajrayana
9
The ultimate goal of Mahayna Buddhism is to
Choose one answer.
a. attain material and personal benefit
b. get rid of ignorance and achieve Nirvana individually
c. become a self-disciplined person
d. assist all living beings to achieve enlightenment
10
Match the following:
Sangha
Dharma
Buddha
11
Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism believes that________
Choose one answer.
a. there is no soul.
b. all living beings have the same soul.
c. the individual soul is really part of a greater soul.
d. None of the above
12
Theravada Buddhism differs from Mahayana Buddhism in its ______ .
Choose one answer.
a. belief in life after death
b. belief in one god
c. belief in salvation through one’s own efforts
d. all of the above
13
For Buddhists, everything that seems to exist is really made up of the five
Choose one answer.
a. jewels
b. dharmas
c. teachings
d. skandhas
14
The Buddha’s teachings on the truths of reality and right conduct are called
Choose one answer.
a. the samsara
b. the karma
c. the dharma
d. the Tripitika
15
_______ the cause of suffering.
Choose one answer.
a. Tests are
b. Karma is
c. Not living a holy life is
d. Craving is
16
In Buddhism, the Buddha is considered _____
Choose one answer.
a. God.
b. a great teacher; the one who woke up.
c. part of the Hindu trinity.
d. the messiah.
17
In Zen Buddhism, zazen, a term that means ___________, is an important method of experiencing the Buddha-nature.
Choose one answer.
a. standing meditation
b. walking meditation
c. mindfulness meditation
d. sitting meditation
18
An enlightened individual who could enter nirvana but decides instead to be reborn to help other humans achieve nirvana is known as a ________.
Choose one answer.
a. bodhisattva
b. bhramin
c. prajna
d. bhagavan
19
The word for the order of monks and nuns founded by the Buddha is the _______
Choose one answer.
a. Mahayana
b. Theravada
c. Bhavachakra
d. Sangha
Buddha means “blessed”
Answer:
True False
22
Buddhism is considered the Middle Way because ______
Choose one answer.
a. it avoids the extremes of hedonism and asceticism.
b. it doesn’t tell you what to believe but lets you figure it out for yourself.
c. Buddhists use all of the eightfold path to reach enlightenment.
d. people have both negative and positive karma.
23
Which values are most closely associated with Buddhism?
Choose one answer.
a. Democracy
b. Giving up desires
c. Education
d. Maintaining the caste system
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